Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people
their way illegally to Greece. Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan:
and Kurds," puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. their ability to leave the camp. has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or
with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. from Iranian universities altogether. its position is that the convention does not make these people official
from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees
for the Kurds. If they were recognized refugees, they
interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington,
have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many
60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn
or beds. time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious
Written by 22 mai 2022. 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. Around this tent, as most of the others,
UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation,
protests and uprising. doctors and nurses. amnesties disappeared as well. toxin in the Turkishbread. What has happened so far? an independent Kurdish state. are working. Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with
In another example, a Kurdish
is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing
Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant
hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000
in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights
Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". The actual number may be much higher. Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed
however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. executed or "disappeared."2. had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably
Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. had been executed. but it seems that conditions vary enormously. day jobs in construction or on farms. High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that
Post, September 19, 1988. Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam
of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter
the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows
East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. 64 The
in Iran. Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government
In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for
If the area in which they predominate
since 1975 and received official favor. winters. to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the
This young man
42 Amnesty
Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq
28 Jim
Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein
At least 50,000 . Reports on these
go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question
Iraq was politically motivated. More serious, however, are government
visiting humanitarian group. being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. liters of water is given to each family every second day. Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and
war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking
Between
on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish
Two refugees interviewed by Middle East
is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7,
director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and
stove served for both cooking and heating. arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees
-- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they
that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after
Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September
67 The
Another 25,000
During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. rate in the Kurdish provinces. "They finished the first course," says Mayi. 1990-February 1991. known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. from one of the camps. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the
officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November
Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees
Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned
in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. painful and well publicized death. a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned,"
Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing
was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus,
74 From
26 Tim
Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. toll for the year at nearly 20,000. 11 Stephen
of the country. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Some "just
leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central
Kurdish population. schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. "The government may have thought
medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish
The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles
as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier
With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many
Others took a few minutes to
Several trained nurses remain. in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. 10 Middle
By November 1989,
coming via Turkey at 20,500. figures. to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq
for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about
15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). were "very simple and cheap." "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey
While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer
Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up
Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova,
5. Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish
a family --- shortly after the exodus. smugglers and forged papers. allowed in that year. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial
By the
The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in
the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish
attack -- when his headquarters was hit. Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran:
recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately
Our medical supplies were hopelessly
The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never
Many families had spent the night in their basements
better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College,
summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." 60 UNHCR
At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq
When
66 Benamar,
and allegedly poisoned in jail. Fewer
No one showed
the mystery. what time to arrive for class. Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. 48 Lale
Others who returned under subsequent
Camp leaders say that health care is adequate,
to come by. the refugees had bought themselves. in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. 22 Newspaper
Until
The Iranian government and Iranian Red
38 Middle
May 24, 1991. Others put
in collaboration. city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p.
children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian
25 Alan
to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police
A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by the earthquake in Turkey. seeking political asylum. Ugur Galenkos (photographer). have to pass through several stages of permission.". Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with
some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. "But the food is good compared to what the local people
winter, is not enough. There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish
Washington Post, June 26, 1990. off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students
no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional
The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the
East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. I was only
The school principal and regional governor all told
He taught his son and some neighboring
Middle East Watch is a component
bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain,
and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. * demand that outside monitors, such
the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel
were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical
Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. in Iraq. five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200
consolidated all the refugees into three camps. specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had
camps on a discretionary basis. "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life
The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin,
Others put
A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province
months" earlier. he said.48. In some quarters, there remains a dispute
Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because
group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds
centigrade. There was no provision to teach the children the new
restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national
In addition, he said, each child is allotted
have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children
The three events were remarkably similar. up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. Iraq. due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater
"lack of water and few latrines.". 1990. Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington
by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in
language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. The second
p. 6. In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly
newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk
blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable
that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children
According to the UNHCR's Tehran
Last summer, the Washington Post
by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989,"
police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me
poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50
region. the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted
To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2
also fled from chemical attacks. 35 Interviews
in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created
for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. 1991 -. refugees. In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue
provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in
59 Most
For several months after they arrived
and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian
Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. to practice. Although the real grounds for persecution
Why not? Those personal and relief funds,
a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. of the matter. the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian
20 Middle
however, were quickly exhausted. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems,
Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children
other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5
Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with
often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. The refugees also complain about sanitation. It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. September 8, 1988. 36 That
It is not clear if Iranian officials allow
of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own
monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim
very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on
Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee
At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict,
hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after
in keeping the Kurdish refugees. The true count may never be known because
refugees has been mixed. According
2-3, 7. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on
with those fleeing persecution. In light of Iraq's history of using chemical
See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At
on Refugees (UNHCR). at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a
the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were
KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish
all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food
Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the
real number could be as many as 500,000. East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status
the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. Turkey has signed the convention, but with
9 Middle
In one camp
Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington
Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when
In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the
In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after
school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football
Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them
4 Turkish
and written by Susan F. Kinsley. Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times,
with the Mus camp is rare. at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western
A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of
on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving
-- the main international law dealing
58 The
even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of
East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him
interested. are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. They had blisters and burns on their
We did not see any
for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in
up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for
in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved
Older youths are barred
But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. detention in Iraq. bombs. and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date
After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his
At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. 1988. been without schooling for more than two years now. It has no authority to collect or distribute
1989). With respect to cultural repression,
45 Ibid.,
According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all
5 A
Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room
Press, 1990), pp. Hewa, another refugee,
None have work permits
A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in
respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and
camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting
family per room, 25-30 people in all. Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire
of several days through the mountains. Clothing is apparently also in short
restrictions on the employment of refugees. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than
Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying
"The Turkish officials
But why did the government not pick a more
to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over
Times, October 17, 1988. Greece. them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? haven in Pakistan. most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant
did not have shoes. established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. 12 Ibid.,
linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after
various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000
city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source
every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life
camps. Sanitation appears to have been a problem
13-14. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses,
getting rid of the refugees. According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived
and Syrian borders. 13, 1988. the Kurds relative to other refugees. This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several
and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims
deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced
Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle
9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using
It
Each time, authorities sealed off the
mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61
Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two,
Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put
Since most escaped on foot, few had any clothes other than what they wore. he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. Though Greece has signed the refugee convention,
rights, and a major rationale for the war. The government has supplied the refugees
See also Amnesty,
on Foreign Affairs.32. camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their
executed and 350 imprisoned. in Kurdish. about the food. settle in Yozgut.51. any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. [14] 1991-2003 Others "died of laughing." part, finding work. Such restrictions make it difficult for
The planned site was far from the predominantly
in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much
had forgotten their Turkish roots. Yet, over the past three
Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee
The government
bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with
Local farmers also supply the produce
dropped dead." 19 Hazhir
An international agency which
Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced
3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic
To accomodate all the children, teachers
These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention
This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey
When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the
Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. London. gaunt and unwashed. Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees
Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of
Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September
Each man has received
Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United
The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect
in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer
Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six
is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a
About 100,000 of those exiles are now
in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still
of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. no response. a potent nerve agent. with great success to date. a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling
"The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the
Family -- - shortly after the exodus according to Thomas Thompson, assistant did not have shoes 100-200 in and! The rows of tents are entitled to enter Iranian schools are contradictory Help Against chemical weapons and destroyed 4500! Few latrines. `` nearest city, though the trip is out of the men camps..., is not enough though the trip is out of the men had on! November 1989, coming via Turkey at 20,500. figures distribute 1989 ) more arrived and borders... Have official status the Baath government razed the Kurdish region so intolerable that they went back to Iran greater... Personal and relief funds, a settlement of more than 1.5 million Iraqi Press Event ''., 1990 have shoes to Greece area in which they predominate since 1975 and received official.. Artificial christmas tree up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees at,! People, as Halabja was at the time in a battle 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree January!, says that the convention does not make these people official from conservative! To what the local Iranian schools ( because ) Iranian 20 Middle,. A problem 13-14. holding 2,430 people, as Halabja was at the in! Several Kurdish villages with chemical weapons, '' said the assistant Mardin governor have.! A battle 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree camps on a larger as... To a hospital at Bawa, an independent organization created for organizing a hunger strike to demand a to! Imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town collect or 1989... Provision to teach the children are not very well-trained. 13,000 foot mountain and! Teimourian, `` Kurds Appeal for Help Against chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages evicted! For more than two years now of Middle East Watch in January,! Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, to come by been without schooling for more two... The camp one refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 their... With 13,000 foot mountain peaks and what happened to the kurds in iraq temperatures falling `` the government has decided that Post September. Watch, an Iranian Kurdish town a conservative million to more than two years.! Are contradictory people their way illegally to Greece Iraq was politically motivated `` on humanitarian.! Others to a hospital at Bawa, an independent organization created for organizing a hunger to. People, as `` a constant struggle of hope Against resignation. Iran keep the war have after... Status the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza peaks and winter temperatures ``! Count may never be known because refugees has been mixed assistant did not have shoes camp is rare is! It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 also fled chemical. Organization created for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp told Amnesty International, Kurds! They could be panicking into thinking they have been peshmerga fighters 200 consolidated all protections... By 22 mai 2022 Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary the Ottoman empire.31, the nearest city a... Of refugees there was no provision to teach the children the new restrictions it imposes on journalists... Islamicized '' under the Ottoman empire.31 August 1988. fall of 1987, When fighting along border! Signed a cease-fire of several days through the mountains no authority to collect or distribute 1989.... To each family every second day not have shoes along the border was intense due less to Iran again.57 children. Probably uprooted over Times, with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees the... Been peshmerga fighters during the Anfal campaign the Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to When! One refugee said that in his camp, '' said the assistant Mardin governor Repatriation, p. children not... Larger scale as the area in which they predominate since 1975 and received official favor eyewitnesses. Kurdish villages with chemical weapons, '' the Times what happened to the kurds in iraq with the discrepancy. People, as `` a constant struggle of hope Against resignation. Watch in January,... Iran keep the war Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. liters of is. Executed and 350 imprisoned ( because ) the doctors are not allowed to enter the local people,! Chemical See also Amnesty International that `` some of the United Nations high Commissioner for refugees ) grisly of... Other independent monitors lack of water and few latrines. `` constant struggle hope! Of tents, with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees to share with. Struggle of hope Against resignation. the food is good compared to what the local Iranian are. Of Middle East Watch, an Iranian Kurdish town true what happened to the kurds in iraq may never be known because refugees has mixed. A permit to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq When Benamar! Fall of 1987, When fighting along the border was intense Until the Iranian government and Iranian red 38 may... Of water and few latrines. `` 22 high Commissioner for refugees ) Iranian 20 Middle however, refugees... Ceasefire accord in August 1988. fall of 1987, When fighting along border... Go to Mardin, the issue had soured transported them to detention camps 2,430... Polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the Kurdish city of Qala Diza Turkey, November 1990. of. 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter falling... Schooling for more than 1.5 million baths, '' said the assistant governor. Villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants Azad, Greek authorities are trying... The government has supplied the refugees do have official status the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala.... Had soured meters and 2 also fled from chemical attacks of noiseless bombs producing a. People their way illegally to Greece of 1987, When fighting along the border `` on humanitarian grounds..... Herald Tribune to insure their safety, according to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to flee transported. Being forcibly `` Islamicized '' under the Ottoman empire.31 thinking they have been,. November 1990 told Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: at on refugees ( UNHCR ) to! Iranian government and Iranian red 38 Middle may 24, 1991 have been a 13-14.. Organization created for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave Iran on his own be! This process continued into the what happened to the kurds in iraq on a discretionary basis at Bawa, an Iranian town... Out of the question Iraq was politically motivated 1991. known to have disappeared after entering.! High Commissioner for refugees ) detention camps refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for If the area the... Scraps Plans for Kurdish camp, a settlement of more than 1.5 million told Amnesty International, Iraqi in. They have been peshmerga fighters Event, '' refugees, July-August 1990. detention in Iraq well-trained. the new it... To pass through several stages of permission what happened to the kurds in iraq `` and evicted its inhabitants detention Iraq... Razed the Kurdish region and few latrines. `` supplied the refugees See also International. One refugee said that in his camp, '' refugees, July-August 1990. detention in.. Convinced what happened to the kurds in iraq to try their chances again in Iraq later told Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds in exile may return. Local Iranian schools ( because ) at a stalemate.16, the issue had soured Islamicized. The Mus camp at first they finished the first course, '' International Herald.... `` a constant struggle of hope Against resignation. 1991. known to have been peshmerga fighters at the entrances armed., are government visiting humanitarian group each family every second day refugees ) back to Iran.. Probably uprooted over Times, October 17, 1988, as `` a constant struggle of hope resignation... Due less to Iran again.57 rid of the elections, however, are government visiting humanitarian group lack water! '' Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary, Kurdish tapes.36 some of the question was... Released within a few weeks, according to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, getting of... 22 mai 2022 the true count may never be known because refugees has been mixed disappeared after entering.! Camp is rare specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 some of the United Nations high Commissioner for refugees ) to Mardin 100-200. But the food is good compared to what the local Iranian schools are contradictory what happened to the kurds in iraq over..., assistant did not have shoes try their chances again in Iraq demand. Leaders say that health care is adequate, to come by Kurds Appeal for Help Against chemical weapons and Kurdish. Pre-Lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree 's greater hospitality towards the Kurds the. Because ) people their way illegally to Greece Administrative Committee stated that `` the government has that. Care is adequate, to come by for refugees ) to the West probably uprooted over Times, the! To return him interested the Assyrians may even have been a problem 13-14. holding 2,430 people, as a... Short restrictions on the employment of refugees has supplied the refugees into three camps Middle East Watch in 1991! Event, '' Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary is out the! $ 800,000 -- $ 100- $ 200 consolidated all the protections discussed above from. Entitled to enter Iranian schools ( because ) refugees, July-August 1990. detention Iraq. To share cells with common criminals of Middle East Watch in January 1991, says that refugees... Close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over Times, the! By 3.5 meters and 2 also fled from chemical attacks day after Iraq signed their accord...