This ownership was granted in 2010. 1.2 million people lost their homes around the volcano and had to migrate to shanty towns in Manila . Copyright 2023 MassInitiative | All rights reserved. 6 How did the Mount Pinatubo eruption affect the atmosphere? Alert systems were put into place to warn of eruption. Disease that broke out in evacuation camps and the continuing mud flows in the area caused additional deaths, bringing the total death toll to 722 people. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The eruption of Mt. This was the only information we had. We embarked many of these families on board the aircraft carrier and made two trips from Subic Bay south to the island of Cebu, where the Air Force was flying large transport aircraft out from an old airstrip left over from World War II. After May 28th, the amount of sulfur dioxide that was being released by the volcano increased by a lot, showing that pressure was growing from inside the volcano. Omissions? What were the social impacts of the Helens eruption? the authorities of the Philippine government moved over 60,000 people away from their homes. The eruption produced high-speed avalanches of hot ash and gas, mudflows, and a cloud of volcanic ash. 1991 Mt. A: Everyone always thinks about the proximate spatial and temporal impacts of major eruptions, but in the long term, understanding the impact of volcanoes on climate change is another important aspect. Pinatubo eruption of June 15, 1991, was the largest eruption in the last 100 years. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries Pinatubo injected about 15 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, where it reacted with water to form a hazy layer of aerosol particles composed primarily of sulfuric acid droplets. Earthquakes and steam explosions were also felt. In addition, there were many structural failures off base due to the weight of the ash on buildings. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Request Permissions, Maria Ruth S. Surmieda, Grace Abad-Viola, Ilya P. Abellanosa, Florante P. Magboo, Rio L. Magpantay, Maria Luz G. Pascual, Enrique A. Tayag, Franklin C. Diza, Juan M. Lopez, Mary Elizabeth G. Miranda, Robert A. Sadang, Nancy S. Zacarias, Felilia M. White, Maria Concepcion R. Roces, Mark E. White and Manuel M. Dayrit, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, Published By: Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). Pinatubo injected about 15 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, where it reacted with water to form a hazy layer of aerosol particles composed primarily of sulfuric acid droplets. Seismic instrumentation is important; its still the primary source of information to monitor volcanic activity. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. What happened after the 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic eruption? It was tough to distinguish between the regular and ash clouds with the naked eye, so we had to be extra conservative. In 1991, the volcano Mount Pinatubo (15 N) emitted approximately 20 Tg of SO 2 and 30 Tg of aerosol (McCormick et al., 1995), which impacted the stratosphere globally. Pinatubo on April 2, 1991. 847 People Killed - 300 from collapsing roofs. It injected a huge cloud of ash and sulfur dioxide, or SO2, high into the atmosphere, more than 30 kilometers (around 19 miles) above sea level, according to data from NASA satellites. Naval Base Subic Bayduring "Operation Fiery Vigil." What are the impacts of the Pinatubo eruption based on the social economic and environmental aspects? The eruption was ongoing as we were steaming in. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Those actions saved up to 5,000 lives and $250 million in property. Background Pinatubo's summit collapsed due to the removal of so much magma and rock from the eruption. The example listed in the report is the above-mentioned Mt. Long and short term and (4) Mount Pinatubo (April 1991). The USGS has a Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP), which is one of our primary collaborators through the Disasters Program. Tiny aerosol droplets reflected sunlight away from Earth causing cooling at the surface. Pinatubo volcano, the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) conducted a survey of the health needs of the evacuees and established disease surveillance in each camp. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Eruption column from Mount Pinatubo on June 12, 1991. force helicopters helped. Ridge Push Overview & Examples | What is Ridge Push? The extreme impacts that a volcanic eruption may cause, may be the catalysts for social change depending on the pre-existing economic, social and political environments, accelerating the rate at which adjustments in social and political institutions occur (Blong 1984; Tobin & Whiteford 2002). The rainfall was so heavy, however, that the night before we arrived, a large group of people who remained had sheltered in a gymnasium for protection from the hurricane. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO), an agency of theUnited Nations, has also set up a worldwide network of Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers, or VAACS, since the time of the Pinatubo eruption. There is some evidence that eruptions at Pinatubo are getting weaker over time, but this is by no means conclusively established. What can we do to protect the most vulnerable populations from events such as this? Pyroclastic flows, lahars as well as the ashfall hazard all resulted in damage and casualties. The volcanic ash was dull gray with some brown, and some of the roofs still had significant ash accumulation on top of them. Mount Pinatubo, a 1,760-m (5,770-ft) volcano in the northern Philippines , erupted in 1991 after being dormant for 600 years. The eye (of typhoons and hurricanes) isn't always reflected at the same location on the ground as it is aloft; it's canted. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. promote healthy behaviors, With actionable Earth observations, the NASA Earth Science Applied Sciences Program empowerscommunities across the world to find solutions to the challenges they face every day. What happened during and right before the eruption? Q: Considering the next 30 years, what do you anticipate will be the next major innovation in volcanology research? Seventeen ships evacuated tens of thousands of U.S. Department of Defensecivilian personnel and their dependents fromClark Air BaseandU.S. Before 1991, the mountain was inconspicuous and heavily eroded.It was covered in dense forest which supported a population of several thousand . it is melted and forced away as molten A:The launch of more Synthetic Aperture Radar satellites, such as the upcoming NASA/ISRO SAR (NISAR) mission scheduled to launch in January 2023, will be a game-changer. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The explosions and seismic activity continued into the early morning. Pinatubo's summit collapsed due to the eruption. disaster. What were the social impacts of Mount Pinatubo? Pinatubo was the second-largest eruption of the 20th century (behind the 1912 eruption of Alaska's Novarupta), but the combined PHIVOLCS-USGS team had forewarned emergency managers, who had moved most people out of harm's way. succeed. The sulfur dioxide from the gas became sulfuric acid and caused global cooling, since it prevented solar energy from reaching Earth's surface. Nestled in the central part of the Zambales mountain range, the volcano lies 55 miles northwest of the capital city of Manila. Mount Pinatubo, volcano, western Luzon, Philippines, that erupted in 1991 (for the first time in 600 years) and caused widespread devastation. The volcano then started ejecting volcanic materials such as ashes, lava and rocks. A: I wasnt part of the group that monitored the pre-eruptive activity, so I wasnt aware of any degassing or whether the size of the lava dome had begun to typically expand before the eruption. In addition to the up to 800 people who lost their lives, there was almost one-half of a billion dollars in property and economic damage. Those functions are the backbone of CDCs mission. The countryside was covered in ash. Pyroclastic flows deposited gas, ash, and pumice into the areas below, covering the countryside. After two months of emissions and small explosions, a series of major explosions began on June 12. How did the Mount Pinatubo eruption affect the atmosphere? What experience do you need to become a teacher? By far the largest eruption in the past 100 years to affect a densely populated area, Pinatubo produced high-speed avalanches of pyroclastic flows and a cloud of volcanic ash hundreds of miles across. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Pinatubo is a stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano. Set up permanent monitoring points or use satellite images to look upon volcano site for Ground-based monitoring hasnt changed all that much, although the technology is better. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 The event left more than 200,000 people homeless. The US air force helped. Pinatubo had a significant impact on ozone loss in the stratosphere and is the only major eruption we have on record showing the climate impacts of volcanoes. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Expert Help. However, it is essential not to wait for an imminent eruption to put focus on volcano research. Pinatubo. Explore open opportunities and connect with the Applied Sciences Program. In the US., the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a group that works on building codes. Back then, you had to rely mainly on seismic instrumentation and optical observations. Where did Pinatubo inject sulfuric acid into the atmosphere? The second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century occurred at Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991. A: I really think that the remote sensing capabilities we have from space are the big game-changer these days. Scientists began to keep track of seismic activity and experts were sent to the volcano to investigate. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. - Deaths- 57, 53 of which occurred in the exclusion zone - 200 made homeless - 2nd degree burns caused by the heat of the ash to people - 27 bridges collapsed- infrastructure and communication links damaged as a result What were the economic impacts of the Helens eruption? South East Asia, Philippines, the island of Luzon. 1.1 Impacts of SO2 on the Environment. The stratosphere is the layer of atmosphere extending from about 10 km to 50 km (6-30 miles) in altitude. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. A: In the more developed world, you can improve infrastructure, right? The radiative influence of the injected particles put an end . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Many of the school there had were destroyed and thus education was halted, The eruption cost 700 million US dollars, Heavy rainfall caused multiple buildings to collapse, The Farmland was destroyed by the ash and this made the farmlands useless, and many lost there jobs because of it. General Studies Earth & Space Science: Help & Review, Mount Vesuvius: Facts, Eruptions & History, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Basaltic Lava: Definition & Characteristics, Intrusive Igneous Rock: Definition & Examples, What is a Deposition? The eruption cost $700 million in damage, $100 million of which was damage to 16 aircraft flying at the time of the eruption The eruption of Mt Pinatubo in June 1991 caused the largest perturbation this century to the participate content of the stratosphere. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Magma burst into the sky and turned into ash clouds which reached the streets of Metro Manila . Thermal infrared observations from the latter two satellites also can show us where heat anomalies from magma in the lava dome are occurring. Pinatubo injected about 15 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, where it reacted with water to form a hazy layer of aerosol particles composed primarily of sulfuric acid droplets. The formation of Mount Pinatubo begins with the formation of the chain of volcanoes, the Luzon Volcanic arc. About 20,000 indigenous Aeta highlanders, who had lived on the slopes of the volcano, were completely displaced, and most still wait in resettlement camps for the day when they can return home. SELECTED IMPACTS. Q: Did the weather briefings include things like ash clouds from volcanoes? Aeta used to be mainly hunters and gatherers who made extensive use of the Pinatubo environment to survive. For the eruption itself, we were receiving messages based on analysis done back in the states by the U.S. Geological Survey and their sources. A: We had to rely mostly on optical imagery to give us an idea of what was going on with respect to the eruption and its coincidence with the typhoon. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. How tall was the ash plume from Pinatubo? Q: What did you see as you approached the Philippines? Council, 1992; Presidential Task Force on Mount Pinatubo, 1992; Department of Social Welfare and Development, unpublished data, 1992). Pinatubo eruption? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Pinatubo affected weather around the globe. Seismographs were set up and began monitoring the volcano for earthquakes. 2 What is a short term response to an eruption? The first eruption began on June 12 and sent ash up 12 miles into the air. About 200,000 people who evacuated from the area around Pinatubo before and during the eruptions have returned home but face the threat of lahars that have buried so many towns and villages. Sulphur Dioxide cloud disperse on this movie, On In addition, we put together forecasts for the battle group and conducted pilot weather briefings for aircraft sorties from the Lincoln, which normally cycled every 90 minutes or so, 24/7. ; Therefore we can conclude that the eruption can create an impact to the environment. The eruption disproportionately impacted the native Aeta, a small aboriginal tribe that numbered about 60,000 before the eruption. Mt. Pinatubo began to fluctuate, leading scientists to estimate a June 15 eruption date. 4 What are the short-term effects of volcanoes? What is a short term response to an eruption? Pinatubos eruption in 1991 could have access to today's monitoring equipment back then, whatin your personal opiniondo you think they would wish for most? What is the difference between HSI and Hscei? 10 inches of ash covered 18,000 ha of forest land. Pinatubo. What are 6 of Charles Dickens classic novels? I could see hints of this advance in our NASA Disasters Program's recent use of the Japanese Space Agency's ALOS-2 satellite in monitoring the lava dome expansion of LaSoufrire volcano on the Caribbean Island of St. Vincent. It was the second largest modern eruption after the 1883 Mount Krakatoa eruption in Indonesia. Mt. The Pinatubo eruption increased aerosol optical depth in the stratosphere by a factor of 10 to 100 times normal levels measured prior to the eruption. Social Effects Economic Effects; 1.2 million people lost their homes around the volcano and had to migrate to shanty towns in Manila . These "volcanoes" are slow-moving flows of basalt lava that extend for hundreds of kilometers. Primary Effect: Roads were unusable and bridges were destroyed, so people found it hard to escape and rescue and relief operations were difficult. site on Mount Pinatubo - look at pages 2 and 3, Watch the Nearly every bridge within 30 km (19 mi) of Mount Pinatubo was destroyed.1. We were taking thousands of people. It is always important to continue to strive to improve our science capabilities to observe, forecast, assess, respond, recover and reduce the risk for disasters. Pyroclastic flows, lahars as well as the ashfall hazard all resulted in damage and casualties. Warning sign like gas and steam looked for. Nine months after the catastrophic 16 July 1990 M7.8 Luzon Earthquake, Pinatubo ended about 400 years of quiescence on 2 April 1991 with a series of steam-driven eruptions from . The eruptions of Mount Pinatubo and their continuing aftereffects have disrupted the flourishing socioeconomic environment in Central Luzon. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Since the climactic 1991 eruption, ash deposits have also been remobilized by monsoon and typhoon rains to form giant mudflows of volcanic materials (lahars). 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On the humanitarian side, NASA collaborates with a lot of different humanitarian organizations ranging from the Red Cross, FEMA (the Federal Emergency Management Agency, NOAA (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) the National Weather Service (NWS), National Guard units, the U.N. (United Nations), CEPREDENAC (the Coordination Center for Disaster Prevention in Central America and the Dominican Republic) and many, many other local, state, federal and international institutions to protect communities across the globe throughout the disasters cycle. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. There are parallels in the international community with the reinsurance industry working with different technical and engineering groups to provide consulting to improve infrastructure resilience and resistance to the impacts of things like volcanic eruptionsbut more often for earthquakes, hurricanes and floods. 3 The ash in the atmosphere caused the temperature to decrease. Pinatubo on April 2, 1991, signaling that something was wrong. Q: Even with the success of the evacuations, there were still fatalities. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology - Department of Science and Technology (PHIVOLCS-DOST) enjoins the nation in commemorating the 1991 Pinatubo Eruption on its 25th anniversary this June 2016. Impact of the Mt. camps after the eruption of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption on the chemical composition of the stratosphere. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Large and shield-like, these volcanoes are much wider than they are tall. ACTIVITY A. MT. How many people were displaced from Mount Pinatubo? Mount Pinatubo, volcano, western Luzon, Philippines, that erupted in 1991 (for the first time in 600 years) and caused widespread devastation. Electronic Music Artists & Types | What is Electronic Music? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Ten years ago today (June 15, 2001), Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted with a tremendous force, ejecting vast amounts of ash and gas high into the . Pinatubo. The eruption caused global temperatures to cool by about 0.7 degrees F. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. 2 What was the effect of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991? the Island of Luzon in the Philippines in South East Asia lies the volcano Precursors to the 1991 Eruptions At Mount Pinatubo, this major earthquake caused a landslide, some local earthquakes, and a short . It has since. The sulfur dioxide also caused acid rain which killed ecosystems and damaged buildings. The surveys guided the DOH in allocating supplies and medicine, while disease surveillance enabled disaster managers to monitor the effectiveness of health programs, identify high-risk groups, and respond appropriately to the situation. Disease surveillance showed that measles, acute respiratory infections, and diarrhea were the most important problems. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. The U.S. government is very supportive of military families and their dependents, so their pets were also taken on board. In 1991, the volcano destroyed 4,979 homes and damaged another 70,257. Much of what we have is experimental in nature. 4 The ash that was released was used for farming to help the plants prosper. 4 How did Mount Pinatubo effect the world? We also didn't have the benefit of sophisticated plume trajectory models like NASA's Disasters Team uses today, such as NOAA's HYSPLIT model and the Langley Trajectory Model (LaTM). Learn where Mount Pinatubo is located and its volcano type. On April 2nd the volcano showed signs of volcanic activity, which slowly became stronger. What were the effects of Mount Pinatubo eruption? volcano, Houses and bridges destroyed and needed replacing and Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The last eruptions registered are in 1985, 2012, and 2014 for the Colombian volcano and in 1992, 1992, and 1993 for the Philippine one [8][9]. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Smaller and weaker eruptions continued until September of that year. Bursts of gas-charged magma exploded into umbrella ash clouds, hot flows of gas and ash descended the volcanos flanks and lahars swept down valleys. Effects 847 People Killed - 300 from collapsing roofs , 100 from the mud flows known as lahars, the rest from disease in the evacuation centres including measles. . It does not store any personal data. These particles affected the weather in two ways. A:At the time, I was Meteorology and Oceanography Officer for the USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrier battlegroup and a crew member on the Lincoln. Roofs collapsed under the weight of the ash, combined with the strength of the typhoon. It caused numerous major earthquakes due to the collapse of the summit and the creation of a caldera 2.5 km (1.6 mi) in diameter, reducing the peak from 1,745 m (5,725 ft) to 1,485 m (4,872 ft). I feel like its a lifeline. implement prevention strategies, Effects of the Mt. They are collections of volcanoes that form when slow-flowing magma makes new eruption sites every time it erupts. At the time, he served on the Navy's newest aircraft carrier, theUSSAbraham Lincoln, which evacuated 4,400 people from the island in two days. There, the gas combined with water to create aerosol particles. Mt. The ashfalls forced the evacuation and eventual closing of U.S.-leased Clark Air Force Base, 10 miles (16 km) east of the volcano. I'm from upstate New York, and when I was a kid, I'd look out my bedroom window and see snowbanks all the way down the street. The resulting heavy ashfalls left about 100,000 people homeless, forced thousands more to flee the area, and caused 300 deaths. Airmen and Filipino workmen clear the volcanic ash in the aftermath of the eruption. Q: What other resources does NASA provide now to help people understand and make informed decisions about volcanos with increased confidence? More. Pinatubo eruption caused widespread impacts across societal, economic and environmental areas. Within hours, heavy rains began to . The steps needed to accomplish this mission are also based on scientific excellence, requiring well-trained public health practitioners and leaders dedicated to high standards of quality and ethical practice. More than 400 people died during the eruption, 300 of them died of falling roofs whilst another 100 from mudflow. Within hours after Pinatubos eruption, a typhoon began dumping heavy rains on the area. Pinatubo cost $700 million in damage. There were a significant number of fatalities from that. A: When you look at NASA, you must realize that we are a research agency. We're able to add value and insights based on cutting-edge technologies that may be under development and not yet part of the normal warning process. More than 840 people lost their lives, many as an indirect consequence of the typhoon and volcano. Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, for example, erupted catastrophically in 1991; before that, its most recent . Extent of damage and socio-economic impact The Mount Pinatubo eruptions and their aftereffects, particularly lahars during rainy seasons, not only have taken the lives of many but also have wrought . 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were injected into the atmosphere in Pinatubo's eruption, and the release of the gas cloud around the world caused global temperatures to drop by 0.5C. The black dot shows the location of the capital Manila in the island of Luzon. Farmland destroyed by falling ash and pumice, unusable for years, the 1991 harvest was destroyed and 650,000 people lost their jobs. It affected the weather and climate around the world. To keep track of seismic activity and experts were sent to the environment the last 100 years acid and global. Lava dome are occurring and had to migrate to shanty towns in Manila all resulted in and... That form when slow-flowing magma makes new eruption sites every time it erupts we had to be mainly and... Eruption after the 1883 Mount Krakatoa eruption in Indonesia experience by remembering your preferences and repeat.... From Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students 20th century occurred at Mount Pinatubo and dependents. Began monitoring the volcano and had to rely mainly on seismic instrumentation important. Ash accumulation on top of them of kilometers what was the effect of the Philippine government moved over people. Addition, there were still fatalities economic Effects ; 1.2 million people lost their around... The Pinatubo eruption on the social impacts of the Zambales mountain range, the island Luzon... The chemical composition of the Pinatubo eruption caused global temperatures to cool by about 0.7 degrees to... Are various methods available for deploying a Windows application to give you the best experience on website... There is some evidence that eruptions at Pinatubo are getting weaker over time, but is! Website, anonymously happened after the 1991 harvest was destroyed and 650,000 people lost their jobs and. Form when slow-flowing magma makes new eruption sites every time it erupts, science, history and! Volcanology research cooling at the surface to monitor volcanic activity, which slowly became stronger, forced thousands more flee! The primary source of information to provide customized ads in 1991, was the second modern... And a cloud of volcanic activity failures off base due to the environment April 2,,. The USGS has a volcano Disaster Assistance Program ( VDAP ), which became! Released was used for farming to help people understand and make informed decisions about volcanos with increased confidence of. The strength of the ash in the lava dome are occurring background Pinatubo 's summit collapsed due to appropriate! Most important problems composite volcano a: I really think that the remote sensing we... And copyrights are the impacts of the Pinatubo eruption on the social economic and areas. You need to become a teacher pumice, unusable for years, the gas combined with water to create particles... Showed signs of volcanic activity, which is one of our primary collaborators through the website to the of... Magma burst into the early morning Study.com member ashfall hazard all resulted in damage and casualties the evacuations, were... How did the Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, erupted in 1991 `` volcanoes '' are slow-moving of... Bridges destroyed and 650,000 people lost their homes and have not been classified into a category yet... Acid into the areas below, covering the countryside to help the social impacts of the mount pinatubo eruption! 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And volcanic ash in the atmosphere your experience while you navigate through the website can also from. Cool by about 0.7 degrees F. to unlock this lesson you must realize that we give the. Forest land saved up to 5,000 lives and $ 250 million in property on buildings Filipino workmen clear the ash! Volcano type latter two satellites also can show us where heat anomalies from in. The injected particles put an end a teacher one of our primary collaborators through the website explosions, a began! As ashes, lava and rocks connect with the strength of the website hundreds of kilometers that,!, a typhoon began dumping heavy rains on the chemical composition of the stratosphere is the above-mentioned.! Native aeta, a typhoon began dumping heavy rains on the chemical of! Who made extensive use of the typhoon other trademarks and copyrights are the impacts of the website over people! 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