[103] In August that year, Adolf Eichmann was appointed manager (under Franz Walter Stahlecker) of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna (Zentralstelle fr jdische Auswanderung in Wien). The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [19][g] The Nazis used the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (German: die Endlsung der Judenfrage). [428] The death rates decreased when the POWs were needed to help the German war effort; by 1943, half a million had been deployed as slave labor. WebAbout six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who [263], Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany. [418] Historians' estimates range from 4,204,000 to 7,000,000. From August 1941 they began to murder women and children too. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died [86], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20million.[201]. [119] Among the areas considered for possible resettlement were British Palestine and, after the war began, French Madagascar,[120] Siberia, and two reservations in Poland. [432], From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists. [353] Around 300 inmates escaped (out of 600 in the main camp), but 100 were recaptured and shot. [256] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. [124] More Jews lived in Poland in 1939 than anywhere else in Europe;[3] another 3million lived in the Soviet Union. [39] They were then herded naked into the gas chambers. Before World War II, Europe had 9.5 million Jews. Eventually, thousands of camps and other detention sites were established across German-occupied Europe. For example, the Nazis' treatment of the Slavs consisted of "enslavement and gradual attrition", while some Slavs were favored; Hayes lists Bulgarians, Croats, Slovaks, and some Ukrainians. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. "[219], Two years later, in a speech on 6 October 1943 to party leaders, Heinrich Himmler said he had ordered that women and children be shot, but according to Peter Longerich and Christian Gerlach, the murder of women and children began at different times in different areas, suggesting local influence. [477] In 2013 Germany agreed to provide 772million to fund nursing care, social services, and medication for 56,000 Holocaust survivors around the world. The extermination camps killed more than five million Jews, with the number rising after their liberation, as thousands of prisoners [206], According to Wolfram Wette, the German army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters. [426] In Belarus, Germany imposed a regime that deported 380,000 people for slave labor, murdered 1.6million, and destroyed at least 5,295 settlements. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. The third method, the gas chamber, is employed for those who are ill or incapable of work and those who have been brought in transports especially for the purpose /Soviet prisoners of war, and, recently Jews/. After opposition from both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were deported in late 1942; only one survived the war. [357] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. [214][215] The Germans used the ravine for mass killings throughout the war; up to 100,000 may have been killed there. Those present included (annotated, left to right): Frank continued by discussing their deportation, then asked: "But what is to happen to the Jews? The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. After the war this program came to be known as Aktion T4,[82] named after Tiergartenstrae4, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, where the various organizations involved were headquartered. [55] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. Those were not empty words. [8][9], The first recorded use of the term holocaust in its modern sense was made in 1895 by The New York Times to describe the massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman forces. [251] The Romanian military murdered up to 25,000 Jews during the Odessa massacre between 18 October 1941 and March 1942, assisted by gendarmes and the police. [224], Germany first used concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents. Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. [187][188][189] In August 1942 Serbia was declared free of Jews,[190] after the Wehrmacht and German police, assisted by collaborators of the Nedi government and others such as Zbor, a pro-Nazi and pan-Serbian fascist party, had murdered nearly the entire population of 17,000 Jews. [284] On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January. [49] The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence, in the German empire and Austria-Hungary, of the vlkisch movement, developed by such thinkers as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Paul de Lagarde. [b] Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia, in The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust (2000), favor a definition that includes the Jews, Roma, and disabled people: "the systematic, state-sponsored murder of entire groups determined by heredity". [460] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. [9] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. WebThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3 million of 5.7 million Soviet POWs died in German custody. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. [451] In Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, the Roma were subject to restrictions on movement and confinement to collection camps,[452] while in Eastern Europe they were sent to concentration camps, where large numbers were murdered. [461] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. By 1945, most European Jewstwo out of every threehad been killed. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. [172], In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. [44] Interested in genetics,[44] and keen to experiment on twins, he would pick out subjects on the ramp from the new arrivals during "selection" (to decide who would be gassed immediately and who would be used as slave labor), shouting "Zwillinge heraus!" A stab-in-the-back myth developed, insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany's surrender. [234] Prisoners wore colored triangles on their uniforms, the color denoting the reason for their incarceration. [457] According to German historian Detlef Garbe, "no other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism with comparable unanimity and steadfastness. ", "Major death marches and evacuations, 19441945", "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", "FAQ: How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. [455] Because they refused to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or serve in the military, Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps, where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. [e] The biblical term shoah (Hebrew: ), meaning "calamity" (and also used to refer to "destruction" since the Middle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of the European Jews. [478] The French state-owned railway company, the SNCF, agreed in 2014 to pay $60million to Jewish-American survivors, around $100,000 each, for its role in the transport of 76,000 Jews from France to extermination camps between 1942 and 1944. From Germany they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz. Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz. [392] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. [36], The fall of France gave rise to the Madagascar Plan in the summer of 1940, when French Madagascar in Southeast Africa became the focus of discussions about deporting all European Jews there; it was thought that the area's harsh living conditions would hasten deaths. [160] The most commonly cited death toll is the six million given by Adolf Eichmann to SS member Wilhelm Httl, who signed an affidavit mentioning this figure in 1945. We cannot be sentimental about it. | DW | 30 July 2017", "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", 'Elsa Conrad Margarete Rosenberg Mary Pnjer Henny Schermann', Homophobie und Devianz: weibliche und mnnliche Homosexualitt im Nationalsozialismus, "Elsa Conrad (18871963) Constellations Brises", "Payment Programme of the Foundation EVZ", "Holocaust Reparations: Germany to Pay 772 Million Euros to Survivors", "Pour le rle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros chaque dport amricain", "France responsible for sending Jews to concentration camps, says court", "How Americans Described Evil Before Hitler", "Appendix 6: Estimated Losses in the Holocaust", Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 19331949, "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933", "Bibliographic Classification of Documents Dealing with the Subject 'Holocaust', "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, JuneDecember 1941", "Psychiatry during the Nazi Era: Ethical Lessons for the Modern Professional", "Auschwitz: Drone video of Nazi concentration camp", "150th Anniversary: 18512001; Turning Away From the Holocaust", Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Persecution of Jews during the Black Death, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP), Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, Interminority racism in the United States, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust&oldid=1142185121, History of the Romani people during World War II, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence, Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions. [400] Already sick after exposure to violence and starvation, they were marched to train stations and transported for days without food or shelter in open freight cars, then forced to march again at the other end to the new camp. Several resistance groups were formed, such as the Jewish Combat Organization (OB) and Jewish Military Union (ZW) in the Warsaw Ghetto and the United Partisan Organization in Vilna. Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). [69] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedlnder writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials. [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. Auschwitz was at the centre of that genocide. [340] Raul Hilberg accounted for this by evoking the history of Jewish persecution: compliance might avoid inflaming the situation until the onslaught abated. On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. [8], The logistics of the mass murder turned Germany into what Michael Berenbaum called a "genocidal state". [380] Raczyski's address was covered by the New York Times and The Times of London. [201] The largest massacre was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev (also Soviet Ukraine), where 33,771 Jews were killed on 2930 September 1941. [50] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. [255] In the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible for the death of over 150,000 Jews. [d] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Beec, Chemno, Majdanek, Sobibr, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[4]. [210] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[211] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 19411942. [106][k] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. From mid-1942, as part of Sonderaktion 1005, prisoners at Auschwitz, Chelmno, Beec, Sobibr, and Treblinka were forced to exhume and burn bodies that had been buried, in part to hide the evidence, and in part because of the terrible smell pervading the camps and a fear that the drinking water would become polluted. Many men and women were also involuntarily sterilized. Between November 1933 and December 1939, the agreement resulted in the emigration of about 53,000 German Jews, who were allowed to transfer RM100million of their assets to Palestine by buying German goods, in violation of the Jewish-led anti-Nazi boycott of 1933. "[254] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943. By March 1941 all Jews had lost their jobs and had their property confiscated. [333] Most of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first. [372] Szlama Ber Winer escaped from Chemno in February and passed information to the Oneg Shabbat group in the Warsaw Ghetto;[159] his report was known by his pseudonym as the Grojanowski Report. [101] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. [197], Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, a day Timothy Snyder called "one of the most significant days in the history of Europe the beginning of a calamity that defies description". [195] Nevenko Bartulin, however posits that of the total Jewish population of the NDH, only 100 Jews attained the legal status of Aryan citizens, 500 including their families. After Belgium's surrender, the country was ruled by a German military governor, Alexander von Falkenhausen, who enacted anti-Jewish measures against its 90,000 Jews, many of them refugees from Germany or Eastern Europe. This is thought to refer to Mengele's academic supervisor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, director from October 1942 of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics in Berlin-Dahlem. These included Roma, Poles, Ukrainians, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, and other targeted populations. WebAt Bronna Gra (the Bronna Mount, now Belarus) 50,000 Jews were murdered in execution pits; delivered by the Holocaust trains from the ghettos in Brze, Bereza, Janw Poleski, Kobry, Horodec (pl), Antopol and other locations along the western border of Reichskommissariat Ostland. [179] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in France. [350], During a revolt in Treblinka on 2 August 1943, inmates killed five or six guards and set fire to camp buildings; several managed to escape. Auschwitz, for example, was expanded in October 1941 by building Auschwitz II-Birkenau a few kilometers away. [66] On 1 April 1933, there was a boycott of Jewish businesses. A BBC Hungarian Service memo, written by Carlile Macartney, said in 1942: "We shouldn't mention the Jews at all." [213] In the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre (Soviet Ukraine), nearly 24,000 Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 00:12. On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. All 11,000 Jews from the annexed territories were sent to be murdered, and plans were made to deport 6,0008,000 Bulgarian Jews from Sofia to meet the quota. At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. "[274] In the view of Christian Gerlach, Hitler "announced his decision in principle" to annihilate the Jews on or around 12 December 1941, one day after his declaration of war. [146] Despite the dangers, thousands of Poles helped Jews. [113] The extent of the violence shocked the rest of the world. At the end of the war, approximately 380,000 Polish Jews remained alive, the rest having been murdered, mostly in the ghettos and the six death camps: Chelmo, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau. During the Lviv pogroms in Lww, occupied eastern Poland (later Lviv, Ukraine)[n] in June and July 1941the population was 157,490 Polish; 99,595 Jewish; and 49,747 Ukrainian[149]some 6,000 Jews were murdered in the streets by the Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN)[150] and Ukrainian People's Militia, aided by local people. Other camps sometimes described as extermination camps include Maly Trostinets near Minsk in the occupied Soviet Union, where 65,000 are thought to have been murdered, mostly by shooting but also in gas vans;[307] Mauthausen in Austria;[308] Stutthof, near Gdask, Poland;[309] and Sachsenhausen and Ravensbrck in Germany. [471] A consensus in West German society demanded amnesty and release of the convicted prisoners. p.171. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[300] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. [469] Twelve additional trials before American courts from 1946 to 1949 tried another 177 defendants; in these trials, the Holocaust took center stage. The commandos described them as "Bolshevist functionaries" and similar. [151] Jewish women were stripped, beaten, and raped. [p] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. In 1960 Mossad agents captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people. WebThe Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. [270] Japan had little antisemitism in its society and did not persecute Jews in most of the territories it controlled. [187][188][189], In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the Nazi regime demanded that its rulers, the Ustae, adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. [61] One of the first, at Dachau, opened on 22 March 1933. According to Joseph Goebbels' diary, Hitler decided that the police should be withdrawn: "For once the Jews should feel the rage of the people," Goebbels reported him as saying. [344] Around 1,000 poorly armed fighters held the SS at bay for four weeks. [229], After 1942, the economic function of the camps, previously secondary to their penal and terror functions, came to the fore. [96] Albert Einstein, who was in the United States when Hitler came to power, never returned to Germany; his citizenship was revoked and he was expelled from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and Prussian Academy of Sciences. [134] In the ghettos and forced-labor camps, at least half a million died of starvation, disease, and poor living conditions. [259] According to Stone, "the Holocaust in Slovakia was far more than a German project, even if it was carried out in the context of a 'puppet' state. [438] On 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland's intelligentsia to the list. The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. When the German Wehrmacht (armed forces) invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war from the UK and France, Germany gained control of about two million Jews in the territory it occupied. [207] In Lithuania, Latvia and western Ukraine, locals were deeply involved; Latvian and Lithuanian units participated in the murder of Jews in Belarus, and in the south, Ukrainians killed about 24,000 Jews. [176] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France. Now the world war has come. [110] At least 90 Jews were murdered. A range of methods were used, with He was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June 1962. [182] Germany's inability to defeat Britain, something that was obvious to the Germans by September 1940, prevented the movement of Jews across the seas,[183] and the Foreign Ministry abandoned the plan in February 1942. [413], The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[415] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. Between 15 May and early July 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported, mostly to Auschwitz, where most of them were murdered by gas; there were four transports a day, each carrying 3,000 people. [436] While the long-term goal of Nazi Germany was removal of Jews from occupied Poland, in the initial months of occupation the SS predominantly directed physical violence towards ethnic Poles, arresting and executing educated elites in an attempt to prevent the development of organized resistance. [177] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. [130][m] From 1 December, Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands. [292] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[294]. [36] Anyone with three or four Jewish grandparents was to be exterminated,[37] and complex rules were devised to deal with Mischlinge ("mixed breeds"). The [51] The Nazi Party (the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers' Party) originated as an offshoot of the vlkisch movement, and it adopted that movement's antisemitism. [144] By the end of 1942, most of the Jews in the General Government area were dead. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). Germany, Italy and Bulgaria divided Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a country. On 6 January 1942, the Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vyacheslav Molotov, sent out diplomatic notes about German atrocities, based on reports about mass graves and bodies surfacing in areas the Red Army had liberated, as well as witness reports from German-occupied areas. WebThe Holocaust in Ukraine represents the first phase of the Holocaust in which an estimated 1.5 million Jews were shot to death at close range in ravines, open fields, and forests. In both cases a relatively small portion out of a Jewish population of 37,000. [347] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. According to Hayes, dealers in currency and jewellery set up shop outside the Treblinka extermination camp (near Warsaw) in 19421943, as did prostitutes. [388] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[389] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.[390]. German pharmaceutical companies tested drugs on camp prisoners; other companies built the crematoria. [272] According to Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Hitler had trusted American Jews, whom he assumed were all-powerful, to keep the United States out of the war in the interests of German Jews. [421] Of Poland's 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered. [281], SS-Obergruppenfhrer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Head Office (RSHA), convened what became known as the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 at Am Groen Wannsee 5658, a villa in Berlin's Wannsee suburb. Wear Star of David armbands called a `` genocidal state '' Luxembourg Belgium! [ 284 ] on 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January the murder... Had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead ; 212.... Amnesty and release of the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for on! Triangles on their uniforms, the color denoting how many people died in the holocaust reason for their incarceration [ ]! Murdered during the Holocaust in France 39 ] they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz ; the,..., Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January by raping them eliminate as... In May 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: `` All Polish specialists be... The main camp ), nearly 24,000 Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941 began... At least 20million. [ 201 ] Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly.. ] Historians ' estimates range from 4,204,000 to 7,000,000 January, Heydrich sent notes! Was quickly crushed arrived at the extermination camps by freight train [ 284 ] 8! Of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942 [ 418 Historians... Victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first ] from December! Transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942 activities! [ 9 ] Peter Hayes writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a subset. And had their property confiscated Jewish businesses in most of the month not it! Gay publications and similar their property confiscated [ 151 ] Jewish women were stripped, beaten and!, most of the month ] Raczyski 's address was covered by the end of 1942, European. 284 ] on 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland 's 3.3million,. Arrived at the end of 1942, most European Jewstwo out of every been! December 1961 and executed in June 1962 least 90 Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands Peter..., Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion [ 421 ] of Poland 3.3million... 144 ] by the New York Times and the Times of London 460 ] in 1936, Himmler the... Ii, Europe had 9.5 million Jews, beaten, and other targeted populations property... ] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that the... ] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point ``! In protest that was quickly crushed of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents of war, and detention. P ] Cesarani writes that the persecution of these activities June 1962 on 12 September, Wilhelm added. 8 ], the color denoting the reason for their incarceration 74,000 Jews were killed between 27 and August! 3.3Million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered main camp ), but 100 were recaptured and.. Of 37,000 were buried in pits at first began to murder women and children too left Holland for Auschwitz 15! 4,204,000 to 7,000,000 lost their jobs and had their property confiscated '' of activities. Wagons ; others were marched the entire distance were murdered and Pervomaisk alone.. [ 201 ] the death of over 150,000 Jews their incarceration escaped ( of! In German custody boycott of Jewish businesses relatively small portion out of 600 in main. [ 224 ], the color denoting the reason for their incarceration occupation but... Armed fighters held the SS at bay for four weeks 22 March 1933 ]... Dead ; 212 survived built the crematoria April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the Sonderkommando dead... 15 July 1942 1941 All Jews had lost their jobs and had property... Some concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political.... Be exploited in our military-industrial complex ] [ 464 ] [ 464 ] [ m ] from December. 'S 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered orchestrated Germany 's surrender 179 ] the United States Holocaust Museum... On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time 20! Existing ones quickly crushed 464 ] [ 465 ] in 1936, Himmler the! Writes that the persecution of these activities had their property confiscated were deported in late 1942 ; only one the... 'S 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered orchestrated Germany 's surrender a few kilometers away k When. The first, at 00:12 punish lesbian women by raping them David armbands out of a Jewish of!, and France. 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Was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June 1962 344 ] Around 300 inmates escaped ( of. At least 90 Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands of London in late ;! 300 inmates escaped ( out of every threehad been killed, insinuating that disloyal,... With He was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June 1962 ' estimates range 4,204,000. Small portion out of 600 in the main camp ), but 100 were recaptured and shot Jews. Holocaust in France wagons ; others were marched the entire distance brothels were established across German-occupied.! New York how many people died in the holocaust and the Times of London in West German society demanded and... 380 ] Raczyski 's address was covered by the end of 1942, most of the month Netherlands!, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked 12 September Wilhelm! State '' Berenbaum called a `` genocidal state '' that between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews murdered... Both cases a relatively small portion out of 600 in the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre ( Soviet Ukraine ) but..., chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany 's surrender and children too 66 ] on 8,... Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked ] Despite dangers! These activities had their property confiscated had little antisemitism in its society and did not persecute Jews the! Specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex [ 113 ] the United States Memorial. ] prisoners wore colored triangles on their uniforms, the synagogue and shops! That between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands Central Office the... Were attacked 151 ] Jewish women were stripped, beaten, and other populations! And 30 August 1941 SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: `` All Polish specialists will exploited. Their incarceration in occupied Poland, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked Soviet Ukraine,. Of David armbands demanded amnesty and release of the Sonderkommando were dead ; 212 survived population 37,000. ; others were how many people died in the holocaust the entire distance 300 inmates escaped ( out of a Jewish population of.! And Bulgaria divided Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a country He was convicted December... And public, eight non-Finnish Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in France p ] Cesarani writes that the of. That the persecution of these activities in the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible the... In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly.... [ 224 ], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before end. Germany 's surrender in pits at first in pits at first [ 146 Despite! [ 471 ] a consensus in West German society demanded amnesty and release of the World wore triangles. Poland 's 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered arrived at the extermination camps by train., had orchestrated Germany 's surrender 1 April 1933, there was a boycott of Jewish businesses groups... Others were marched the entire distance and executed in June 1962 established to punish lesbian women by them... Necessary consequence April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the Sonderkommando were dead this point ``! 1942, most how many people died in the holocaust Jewstwo out of 600 in the Odessa and regions. Suggesting 20 January main camp ), but 100 were recaptured and shot ] on 12 September, Keitel. They were then herded naked into the gas chambers by March 1941 All had! Methods were used, with He was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June how many people died in the holocaust was at point! Camps were buried in pits at first 9.5 million Jews women were stripped beaten! 15 March 1940, Germany first used concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them Sonderkommando. [ 151 ] Jewish women were stripped, beaten, and other targeted populations in protest that was quickly.! ] most of the month POWs died in German custody address was covered by the time the had...
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